1877-1918

Most Important Events 1. World War One 2. Invention of Airplane 3. Plessy vs. Ferguson 4. Compromise of 1877 5. Jim Crow Laws 6. Open Door Policy 7. Dawes Severalty Act 8. AFL 9. Haymarket Square Riot 10. Sherman Antitrust Act

Most Important People 1. Wilson 2. Roosevelt 3. Henry Ford 4. Wright Brothers 5. McKinley 6. Carnegie 7. Gompers 8. Taft 9. Tarbell 10. Hayes



**Woodrow Wilson (Mackenzie S.)**
 * League of Nations, during WW1, was the first way of peacekeeping group with a good majority of countries
 * Federal Reserve Act which granted the nation with a more flexible money supply
 * He helped in the stopping of child labor and a decrease in the amount of work hours
 * In office when US entered WW1
 * Created his “Fourteen Points”, his ideas of prevention to future wars, outlined plans for peace
 * Came up with the federal Trade Commision, prohibited unfair or unjust business techniques

Henry Ford (Nellie L.)
 * Founder of the Ford Automobile Company
 * Creator of the Model – T, the first widely vehicle available for popular use
 * Pioneer of mass production and the assembly line
 * Revolutionized industry and factories all over the country
 * Model – T was first car to have the steering wheel on the left

Wright Brothers (Nellie L.)
 * Two Brothers from Ohio that owned a bike shop
 * Creators of the first successfully flown manned airplane
 * First flight took place on December 17th, 1903 in Kittyhawk, North Carolina
 * First to make a controllable airplane that allowed for stationary wings
 * Invented the three-axis system of control that is still what modern airplanes are based on today
 * Laid foundations for modern transportation


 * Theodore Roosevelt (Michaela)**
 * 26th president of the United States of America
 * Was a leader in the Progressive Movement
 * Founded the “short-lived” Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
 * He issued the Monroe Doctrine
 * He helped the wellbeing of people by passing the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and The Pure Food and Drug Act

William McKinley (Robert McCullough)
 * 25th president of the United States
 * He was the president during the Spanish American war, which led to America gaining control of Guam the Philippines and Puerto Rico, and Cuba gained their independence
 * He annexed Hawai
 * Gold Standard Act of 1900
 * The open door policy was created while he was president

Samuel Gompers (Robert McCullough)
 * Founded and was the first leader of the AFL or American Federation of Labor
 * He helped secure shorter hours and and higher wages for the working man
 * His beliefs helped led to the development of important compromise techiniques between employer and employee, including collactive barganing and labor contracts
 * He was the leader for the AFL for nearly thirty-eight years

**Rutherford B. Hayes (Michaela)**
 * 19th president of the United States of America
 * He oversaw the end of reconstruction
 * He was determined to reform the system of civil service appointments
 * Led American into the Second Great Awakening

**Ida Tarbell (Mackenzie S.)**
 * Known for being one of the leading muckrackers (reform orientated journalists)
 * Investigative journalist
 * Became the first woman to take on the Standard Oil.
 * She “reinvented” investigated reporting with her work on the oil
 * //History of the Standard Oil Company//

William Howard Taft (Tori)

 * “Poor politician”
 * Was sent to the Philippines by McKinley as chief civil administrator where he improved there country
 * Supported the Payne-Aldrich Act which maintained high tariffs
 * This lead to the formation of the Progressive Party
 * The ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) was created to limit the railroads rates

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande01.html



Andrew Carnegie (Tori)

 * Know as one of the "Captains of Industry"
 * Created Carnegie Steel Company
 * This company was combined with many other steel companies to form US Steel
 * He built Carnegie Hall
 * He later sold his steel company to J.P Morgan

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande01.html


 * Jim Crow Laws (Michaela) **
 * state and local laws enacted between 1876 and 1965
 * they mandated “separate but equal” status for African Americans in public facilities
 * it mainly applied to the southern United States
 * some examples are the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks
 * school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the //Brown v. Board of Education//
 * remaining Jim Crow Laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and The Voting Rights Act of 1965

**Compromise of 1877 (Mackenzie S.)**

//Caused by a dispute over the election of 1876// Important:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Hayes was elected to office over Samuel Tilden
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Helped to industrialize the south
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The construction of another transcontinental Railroad took place
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Removed all federal troops from the former confederate states
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Democrats had to learn to respect the rights of African Americans

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Outcome:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Ended the era of Radical Reconstrution effectively
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">South continued with segregation and discrimination after troops were removed from Southern States

American Federation of Labor (Robert McCullough)


 * Was one of the first major ferderations of labor unions
 * The AFL had strikes to shorten working hours and eventually achieved this goal
 * It helped secure many basic workers rights such as higher pay and safer working conditions
 * The AFL continues to exist today however it merged with another labor union, the Congress of Industrial Organizations and has become known as the AFL-CIO

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Haymarket Square Riot (Mackenzie S.)**



<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">//Bombing that occurred at a labor demonstration// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Important: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Outcome:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Began as a rally for workings striking against eight-hour work days
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Seven police officers were killed by a bomb
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Violence was associated with the Knights of labor, tarnished the reputation o the union
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Knights of labor union were not treated the same
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">AFL arose from this
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Changed the way the labor union was run


 * Dawes Act (Michaela) **


 * also called General Allotment Act, or Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
 * it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land into 160 acres of land to give to individual Indian families
 * under this, Indian tribes lost legal standing
 * the law severely reduced Indian holdings



Sherman Antitrust Act (Nellie L.)


 * Congressional legislation enacted in 1890
 * Aimed at breaking up monopolies and big trusts
 * Thought monopolies reduced competition and were detrimental to consumers
 * Too vague to be effective
 * Actually ended up being used against labor unions
 * Wasn't strengthened until Roosevelt's presidency

Open Door Policy (Robert McCullough)


 * Was created so that countries could get equal trade relations between China without one country taking control
 * The open door policy was modeled after treaties made between Britain and China after the first Opium War
 * Prevented countries from colonizing China
 * It also prevented countries from over militarizing their spheres of influence

Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 (Tori)

 * African Americans believed they were discriminated against
 * The rights given to Americans in the 13th and 14th amendments were denied to African Americans
 * Jim Crow Laws
 * Florida required segregation in public places
 * Plessy, in Louisiana, refused to get up from his seat on the “white train car”
 * John Marshall and the Supreme Court established a “separate but equal” doctrine
 * The decision justified and promoted segregation in public places

http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board/timeline.html

Invention of the Airplane 1903 (Tori)

 * Invention of the hot air balloon and glider led up to the invention of the airplane
 * No way to control direction of the glider
 * Wright Brothers created a biplane wing structure which allowed them to steer the plane
 * Inventing the airplane change the way Americans do business, the world is a much smaller place now
 * It allows people to travel in a fraction of the time
 * Effected war strategies

http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventions/a/Airplane.htm

World War One
 * July 28th 1914 – November 11th 1918
 * Allies (Russia, France, Great Britain, USA, etc.) vs Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
 * First war with all the world’s biggest powers; First war with airplanes; Trench warfare; First war with gas masks; First war with tanks
 * Began with assassination of archduke Ferdinand by the Serbian Black Hand
 * Caused by Militarism, Alliance system, Imperialism, and Nationalism
 * Ended with the Treaty of Versailles, which was never signed by the United States
 * Was a long term cause of World War Two