1783-1820

=Events:=
 * Treaty of Paris 1783
 * Shay's Rebellion 1786
 * Constitutional Convention 1787
 * Northwest Ordinance 1787
 * Whiskey Rebellion 1794
 * Virginia Kentucky Resolutions 1798-1799
 * Marbury v. Madison 1803
 * Louisiana Purchase 1803
 * War of 1812
 * Missouri Compromise 1820
 * Treaty of Paris** **1783 (Mackenzie Schmidt)**

//Five events leading up to it://
 * Ended Revolutionary War
 * Was signed by John Adams, Ben Franklin, and John Jay
 * **Treaty of Paris(1763):** which ended Seven Years war, removed France from the West
 * **Olive Branch Petition:** colonists last attempt for peace
 * ** Battle of Saratoga/Yorktown: ** turning point of war and last major battles. Seemed as if America had a fighting chance to win.
 * ** Salutary Neglect ** and series of taxes and acts: Started the period of colonial disgust, meant to keep colonies obedient to Great Britain.
 * ** Declaration of Independence: ** stated terms of American independence

//Importance:// Mainly recognized America’s independence from Britain. Established our borders and fishing rights, Mississippi River became available to both nations, brought us closer to the modern day America.

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 * Shay’s Rebellion 1786-1787 (Robert McCullough) **

// What Caused Shay’s Rebellion? // // Factual Information // : Shays Rebellion started on August 21, 1786, over the financial difficulties that veterans from the Revolutionary War were experiencing. Daniel Shay and Henry Gale were the leaders of the rebellion. The rebels launched an attack on the Springfield Armory hoping to gain more weapons, ammunition, and gunpowder. They attack failed with only five rebels being killed and twenty wounded. No one in the militia fighting aginst the rebels was hurt or injured.
 * The Revolutionary war was the main reason the rebellion occurred.
 * The weak Articles of Confederatrion could not pay the soilders who fought in the war. Including Daniel Shay.
 * High taxes, and the inibiltiy for poor farmers to pay these taxes.
 * The government could not pay off the states debt.
 * The government made the farmers who couldn’t pay off their debt sell there land and cattle. This aggrivated the farmers and made them angry.

// How Shay’s Rebellion influnenced the development of America // : The rebellion brought attention to how weak the federal government actually was. It convinced people that they needed to give the central government more powers. The wanted to help protect private liberties, like property ownership, from public liberties.

Citations: [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shays'_Rebellion]


 * Constitutional Convention 1787 (Nellie Leddy)**



5 Events Leading Up to It Importance: The Constitutional Convention was important because it led to the creation of the constitution that we use as a basis for government to this very day, more than two hundred years later. Even after all of this time having passed, there have only been twenty seven changes to the document created at this convention.
 * The Great Compromise
 * Large states wanted more representative in Congress
 * Small states wanted equal representation
 * Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature determined by population
 * New Jersey Plan: unicameral legislature with equal representation
 * Great Compromise: bicameral legislature with equal representation for each state in Senate, and by population in the House of Representatives
 * Three Fifths Compromise
 * Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of taxation and representation
 * Southern states secured a guarantee that slaves could be imported and that slavery would not be abolished for at least twenty years
 * Comercial Compromise
 * The North wanted the federal government to regulate foreign trade and interstate commerce
 * The South feared the federa lgovernment would tax the agricultural exports
 * Commerical Compromise: allowed Congress to regulate foreign and interstate commerce, but prohibited taxes on exports
 * Creation of Electoral College
 * Instead of being elected directly by the people, delegates assigned electors to each state; the number of electors is equal to the sum of a state’s senators and representatives
 * This was because they feared that the common man wasn’t smart enough to vote intelligently on a candidate for president
 * To limit the power of the president and prevent a dictator, they limited the president’s elected term to four years with no limit to the number of terms he could be elected to
 * Failure of the Articles of Confederation
 * Federal Government had no power to regulate commerce, which meant that states could use tariffs against eachother
 * No judicial branch to settle disputes between states
 * No executive
 * Unanimous vote was required to amend legislation


 * Northwest Ordinance 1787 (Michaela):**

//5 Things that are important in the development of the Northwest Ordinance:// One thing that influenced the development of the Northwest Ordinance was people moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. Also, New York and Virginia had claimed large areas of land west of the Appalachians that were unmapped. The government needed a pattern for settlement because they worried that these western claims would create huge neighboring states. Another thing that influenced the development of the Northwest Ordinance was the Land Ordinance of 1785. The purpose of this ordinance was to raise money and attract people to the large areas of land west of the Appalachians that were gained from the Treaty of Paris after the Revolutionary War. Another event that was necessary for the Northwest Ordinance was the Articles of Confederation. The Ordinance was established under the Articles of Confederation.

//Factual Information:// The Northwest Ordinance was the process of making these territories west of the Appalachian Mountains states. Each territory was to be controlled by Congress until it contained 5,000 free, white males. From there, the settlers could vote on whether to become a state, equal to the 13 original ones. The Northwest Ordinance also promised religious freedom and other civil rights such as no slavery in these territories.

//How the Northwest Ordinance influenced the development of the United States:// The Northwest Ordinance influenced the development of the United States because it created more states and expanded it. It encouraged people to move into that area, and therefore the United States started becoming bigger. Also, the Northwest Ordinance was the first of many restraints on slaveholding in the south.

> > //Five events leading up to it://
 * Whiskey Rebellion** **1794 (Mackenzie Schmidt)**
 * Dispute over taxes in US
 * Enforced by George Washington
 * **Excise tax on whiskey:** Alexander Hamilton came up with the idea of putting a tax on whiskey production. March 1791, U.S. Congress passed a federal excise tax of seven cents per gallon on all whiskey sold in US.
 * Tax was said to be a burden of economic needs
 * Main money supply was whiskey in southern states, (major component to riot)

//Factual Information://
 * Washington sent in troops to break up the rebellion. This enforcement show how much control and influence the government had over the colonists. Showed off the strong government then, that we still have now.
 * Hamilton raised excise tax
 * Tax was regarded as burden on economic necessity
 * Main supply of money in farming areas was whiskey
 * The government soon realized how much whiskey was used and how it was used to make payments. The government then decided to put the tax on it.
 * During this rebellion it was apparent how much control the federal government was then given. This then transformed the way that the government was respected especially George Washington as president.

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**Vriginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798 (Robert McCullough)** // What was the reason for the Virginia and Kenctucky Resolutions? // // Factual Information // : The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were written secretly by James Madison and Vice President Thomas Jefferson. The resolutions said that each individual state had the right to declare laws passed by congress to be unconstitutional. They also say that when a state finds a law to be unconstitutional they are allowed to nullify it or ignore it.
 * The Alien and Sedition acts are the primary cause for the resolutions.
 * Lack of Judicial Review.
 * The Failure of the first Kentucky Resolution
 * The Compact Theory.

// How the Virginia Kentucky Resolutions influnenced the development of America // : The Resolutions are responsble for the Nullification Crisis of 1828-1833.

Citations: []

**Marbury vs. Madison (Nellie Leddy)** 5 Events Leading up to It Importance Marbury vs. Madison is one of the most important Supreme Court cases yet because of what it did for both the judicial branch and the federal government as a whole. First of all, it established the power of judical review, which allows the Supreme Court to review past decisions or legislation and decide whether or not it is constitutional. In addition, it strengthened the power of the federal government as a whole because it added to what it was allowed to do. []
 * 1) Judiciary Act of 1789 – this act established all of the federal courts throughout the nation. It was necessary because of how vague the third article of the Constitution was in creating the judicial branch of government.
 * 2) Judiciary Act of 1801 – this act is also called the Midnight Judges Act because it was between this act's passage and Jefferson's inauguration that John Adams appointed several Federalist judges to the Supreme Court, supposedly at midnight the night before.
 * 3) Appointment of Marbury to Supreme Court – newly appointed Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to process the appointment of Marbury to the Supreme Court because he was a Federalist.
 * 4) Marbury Demanded his Request be Processed – he did this by requesting a writ of mandamus, which was allowed by the Judiciary Act of 1789.
 * 5) Chief Justice John Marshall Makes the Final Decision – Marshall decides that the power to issue writs of mandamus was unconstitutional, and therefore that section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. This established the power of judicial review for the judicial branch, arguably the most important power of the judicial branch of government.

// Leading up to: //
 * Louisiana Purchase **** (Tori Kerekes) **
 * American wanted control of the Mississippi River
 * Napoleon wanted to have French control in the new world to trade
 * Napoleon sent troops to Hispaniola
 * French could not gain Hispaniola, and did not have any use for Louisiana without it
 * Napoleon needed money for other wars

// Factual Information: // On December 30, 1803 the United States claimed Louisiana. Thomas Jefferson, though, had a hard time with the decision to buy Louisiana because of his strong Anti-federalist beliefs. There was nothing specifically in the Constitution that said he had the power to do this. In the end he decided the benefits out-weight his beliefs. //Influencing the Development of America:// The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the country, giving the US plenty of new land to settle. This major purchase is also said to be one of the causes of the Civil War.

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 * War of 1812 (Michaela Morrissey):[[image:http://img.tfd.com/WEAL/weal_10_img1850.jpg width="390" height="267" align="left"]] ** Five things that influenced the War of 1812 were the British impressment of American soldiers, international conflicts over commerce, British military aid to Native Americans on Northwestern fronteer, the Battle of Tippecance 1811, and conflict between settlers and Native Americans in the Northwest Territories. This war was between the United States and the Brisith Empire. This war influenced the development of the United States because as a result, Britian and France gaiend respect for them, the national pride grew, United States manufacturing increased, and resistace to Native Americans declined.


 * The Missouri Compromise (Tori Kerekes) **



// Leading up to: //
 * The Louisiana Purchase
 * Western expansion
 * South expanded, as well as the need for workers
 * Southern states gained more representation in congress, which worried the north
 * Missouri and Maine wanted statehood

//Factual Information:// The Missouri Compromise was passed March 3, 1820. The Compromise stated that Missouri was a slave state, Maine was a free state, and everything above the 36 30 line was free. It was the solution to keep the number of free states and slave states equal. This also kept the power in Congress equal.

// Influencing the Development of America: // The Missouri Compromise created two new states, and was the first attempt at solving the issue of slavery. It did not completely resolve the issue but it made a plan to prevent future conflicts.

[|__http://www.historyking.com/American-History/timeline/1803-1849/missouri-compromise/Causes-Of-The-Missouri-Compromise.html__] [|__http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=518&nm=Missouri-Compromise__]

= People: =


 * James Madison (Robert McCullough) **

Importance:


 * He was the fourth president of the United States of America, his terms lasting from 1809-1817.
 * He is considered the “Father of the Constitution” and the “Father of the Bill of Rights.”
 * He along with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton produced the Federalist Papers.
 * Madison however broke away from the federalist and along with Thomas Jefferson formed the Democratic-Republican party.
 * He and Jefferson also wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in protes of the Ailen and Sedition acts, saying that they were taking away liberties that were supposed to be protected under the Bill of Rights.
 * Madison was appointed the Secretary of State during Jeffersons presidency and supervised the purchase of Louisiana which nearly doubled the nations size.

Citations:

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**James Monroe (Robert McCullough)**

Importance:


 * James Monroe is considered the last founding father of America.
 * He served in the revolutionary war, and after taking a musket to his shoulder at the battle of Trenton he studied law under Thomas Jefferson for three years. He then later became a delegate in the Continental Congress.
 * He served as an anti-federalist delegate in the Virgina convention, which proposed the constitution. While he was opposed this new constitution, thinking that it gave to much power to the central government, he soon began to take active roles in the newly formed government.
 * He Was a leading negotiator in the purchase of Louisiana from France.
 * During the war of 1812 Monroe held important roles for the government including secretary of state and secretary of war.
 * He was elected as the fifth president of the United States from 1817-1825.

Citations:

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 * George Washington (Michaela Morrissey): **


 * First president of the United States of America, and was an important political and military leader
 * Led America to victory against Britian in the American Revolutionary War
 * He set a precedent for every other president after him
 * He created a cabinet that acted as the head of an executive branch.
 * In his farewell address he warned the US against: getting involved in Eurpoen affairs, forming “permanent alliances” with other nations, political parties, and sectionalism.


 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg align="left" caption="Portrait of Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale." link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg"]]Thomas Jefferson (Michaela Morrissey):**


 * He is known as the founding father and the primary author of the United States Declaration of Independence
 * Third president of the United States.
 * He was the leader of the Democratic-Republican party.
 * He argued that a National Bank was not one of congress’s enumerated powers.
 * He purchased the Louisiana Territory from France.


 * John Adams (Tori Kerekes)[[image:john-adams.jpg width="208" height="247"]]**
 * Played an important part in the push for Independence and creation of the Declaration of Independence
 * Played a role in the Treaty of Peace which ended the American Revolution
 * Vice President under George Washington
 * Second President of the US
 * Signed the Alien Sedition Act

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 * Daniel Webbster (Tori Kerekes) **
 * Leader of Federalist party
 * Served in the House of Representatives
 * Became a well know lawyer by winning multiple Supreme Court cases such as Gibbsons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland
 * Elected Senator from Massachusetts
 * Strongly opposed the nullification of South Carolina and a National Bank
 * Chosen as William Henry Harrison's Secretary of State

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Benjamin Franklin (January 17,1706-April 17, 1790) (Mackenzie Schmidt)


//Significance://


 * One of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States
 * Amazing printer, politician, scientist, author, inventor, musician and diplomat.
 * Major figure in the American Enlightenment
 * Major figure in the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity.

//Factual Information://


 * Became known as "The First American" for his early campaigning for colonial unity
 * Oldest representative at the Philadelphia Convention
 * Then as the //United States Ambassador to France//, he exemplified the emerging American nation
 * Wrote Poor Richards Almanac, became one of his most popular works then and even now.

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 * Henry Clay** ** (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852) ** (**Mackenzie Schmidt)**



// Significance //
 * Known as "The Great Compromiser" and "The Great Pacifier" for his ability to bring others to agreement,
 * He was the founder and leader of the **Whig Party**
 * Leading advocate of the **American System;** economic plan, consisted of 3 parts: **tariff** to promote and protect American industry. **National** **bank** to foster commerce. **Federal****subsidies** for roads, canals, and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agriculture.
 * He supported emancipation of slaves and voiced opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

//Factual Information://

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 * Served as a peace commissioner in Ghent in negotiations to end the **War of 1812**
 * Secretary of state of John Quincy Adams
 * Changed the role of the Speaker of the House, made it the powerful position that it is today, holding that office longer than anyone.
 * His compromises ended regionalism and balanced out state rights and national interests


 * Meriwether Lewis and William Clark (Nellie Leddy)**

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 * Led the first transcontinental expedition in the United States
 * Explorers commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the newly purchased Louisiana Territory
 * They were to study the animal and plant life, the geography of the land, and also discover how the land could be exploited for economic rewards
 * One of the main goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to find a way to travel to Asia by water (a.k.a. The Pacific Ocean)
 * Accompanied by fifteen year old Sacajawea to guide them
 * After exploring the land for over two years, Lewis and Clark brought back lots of research, useful observations, and many specimens of new plants and animals.

**Alexander Hamilton (Nellie Leddy)**
 * First Secretary of Treasury
 * Promoted good trade relations with Britain; was opposed to supported the French Revolution
 * Served in the American Revolutionary War
 * Prominent Federalist; always against the Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson
 * Created a Financial Plan
 * Pay off national debt and assume war debts of the states
 * Protect new American industry and collect revenue by tariffs
 * Excise taxes
 * Create national bank for depositing federal money and printing US currency
 * This financial plan was sparked many a controversy, especially amongst the Anti-Federalists, who believed that this gave the government too much power and let them become too involved in the lives of citizens.