1963-1988

// 1963 – 1988 //
 * // Kennedy Assasination (nellie) //
 * // Iran Hostage Crisis(kenzie) //
 * // Iran Contra Affair(Michaela) //
 * // Watergate (Tori) //
 * // Woodstock (Tori) //
 * // Roe v Wade(kenzie) //
 * // Civil Rights Act of 1964/1968(Michaela) //
 * // Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (nellie) //
 * // Black Monday (Robert) //
 * // Star Wars (Robert) //

// People //
 * // Lyndon B. Johnson (nellie) //
 * // Richard Nixon (nellie) //
 * // Gerald Ford (Tori) //
 * // Mikhail Gorbachev (Tori) //
 * // Jimmy Carter (Robert) //
 * // Ronald Reagan (Robert) //
 * // Martin Luther King Jr (kenzie) //
 * // Earl Warren(kenzie) //
 * // Leonid Brezhnev(Michaela) //
 * // Henry Kissinger (Michaela) //

Henry Kissinger
 * German-born, American academic, political scientist, diplomat, and buisness man
 * he won the Nobel Peace Prize and served as National Security Advisor and later as Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford
 * he servied as a dominent role in the United States Foreign Policy from 1969 to 1977, because he was a proponent of //Realpolotik//
 * he created the polity of detente and helped end American envolvement in the Vietnam War

Leonid Brezhnev Ronald Reagan
 * general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982
 * during his 18 year rule, the influence of the Soviet Union grew increasingly
 * the military grew greatly and he has been criticised for marking the begening of a period of economic stagnation, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union
 * Era of Stagnation
 * Fortieth President of the United States
 * He is given credit with the downfall of the Soviets
 * Appointed the first female Supreme Court chief justice
 * Launched the invasion of Granada

Jimmy Carter
 * Thirty-ninth President of the United States
 * He signed the Panama Canal Treaty
 * Camp David Accords
 * US officially recognizes People's Republic of China
 * Iran Hostage Crisis

Lyndon B Johnson


 * Took office after JFK was assassinated in 1963
 * Domestic policy was the Great Society
 * Introduced Medicare/Medicaid
 * Headstart Program
 * HUD
 * Civil Rights Act of 1964
 * Voter Registration Act 1965
 * Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – escalated Vietnam War
 * Pulled out of the 1968 election because of unhappy public sentiment regarding Vietnam

Richard Nixon


 * Won the 1968 election
 * Foreign policy – détente – reducing Cold War tensions
 * Nixon Doctrine – economic aid to countries in need against communism but no military support
 * Began the process of pulling troops out of Vietnam
 * Watergate Scandal
 * Broke into Democratic National Convention
 * Hid secret tape recorded messages
 * Withheld evidence from Senate trial
 * Impeached, but resigned before process could finish
 * Pardoned by his successor Gerald Ford


 * Martin Luther King Jr. **


 * Prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.
 * He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world,
 * Used nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.
 * King has become a national icon in the history of modern American liberalism.
 * He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott
 * Helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president.
 * Most well known for his work on ending racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other nonviolent means.
 * Earl Warren**

Gerald Ford
 * American jurist and politician
 * Served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and the 30th Governor of California.
 * Known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court,
 * Ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment.
 * Made the Court a power center on a more even base with Congress and the presidency
 * especially through four landmark decisions:
 * //Brown v. Board of Education //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> (1954),
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Gideon v. Wainwright //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> (1963),
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reynolds v. Sims //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> (1964),
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Miranda v. Arizona //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> (1966).
 * 38th President
 * Became president after Nixon resigned
 * Pardoned Nixon
 * Only person to become president without Electoral College voting
 * Signed Helsinki Accord
 * US involvement in Vietnam ended during his presidency

Mikhail Gorbachev
 * General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 * Head of State of the Soviet Union
 * Worked with Reagan to end Cold War
 * Awarded Noble Peace Prize

Star Wars (SDI) Black Monday
 * Proposed by Ronal Reagan, it would be a satellite orbiting Earth that could laser missiles out of the sky and destroy them
 * Helped bring the downfall of the Soviet Union
 * First major stock crash since the Great Depression
 * Not nearly as big as a disaster as the Great Depression
 * More precautionary measures were added to prevent another crash from happening

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution


 * Passed in 1964 during Johnson’s presidency
 * Allowed the president to use conventional military force without a formal declaration of war from Congress
 * Johnson said this was necessary because of Vietnamese aggression in the Tonkin Gulf
 * Increased executive power at the expensive of check and balances and separation of powers
 * Escalated the Vietnamese War



JFK’s Assassination


 * November 22nd, 1963 in Dallas, Texas
 * Kennedy was on a campaign for reelection
 * Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald
 * Warren Commission was appointed to investigate surrounding conspiracies
 * Decided that Oswald worked alone
 * Oswald was later murdered by Jack Ruby

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Iran Hostage Crisis **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">66 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981,
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Group of Islamist students and militants took over the American Embassy in Tehran in support of the Iranian Revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Carter was president at this time
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reached climax when, after failed attempts to negotiate a release, US military attempted a rescue plan known as Operation Eagle Claw.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Plan failed
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ended with the signing of the Algiers Accords in Algeria on January 19, 1981.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The hostages were formally released into United States custody the following day, just minutes after Ronald Reagan was sworn into office.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Roe vs. Wade **


 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Issue of <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">abortion.
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Decided simultaneously with a companion case, //Doe v. Bolton//, the Court ruled that a right to <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests in regulating abortions
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Prompted a <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">national debate that continues today, about issues including whether and to what extent abortion should be legal, who should decide the legality of abortion, what methods the Supreme Court should use in constitutional adjudication, and what the role should be of religious and moral views in the political sphere.
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reshaped national politics, dividing much of the United States into <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">pro-choice and pro-life camps
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Activated the <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">grassroots movements on both sides.

Watergate <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> Woodstock
 * Burglary at Democratic National Committee headquarters in Watergate offices
 * FBI found connected money trail to a slush fund used by Nixon’s re-election committee
 * Evidences was found linking Nixon’s staff to the break in
 * Tape recording system found in Nixon’s office revealed he attempted to cover up the break in
 * Nixon was impeached but then resigned before being removed
 * August 15-18, 1969
 * 3 days of Peace & Music
 * At Max Yasgur’s dairy farm in Bethel, NY
 * Important event in music history and brought the counterculture movement to a climax

Iran Contra Affair


 * a political scandal in the United States in November 1986
 * during the Reagan administration, officials secetrely facilitated the scale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo
 * some officials hoped it would secure the release of hostages and allow US intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras
 * funding of the Contras had become promitted by congress

Civil Rights Act of 1964/1968
 * 1964- outlawed major forms of descrimination against African Americans and women, including racial segregation
 * 1964- ended unequal application of voter registration requirements
 * 1964- ended racial segregation in schools, the workplace, and public facilities
 * 1968- provided equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national orgin.
 * 1986- also known as the Fair Housing Act