1820+-+1877


 * Monroe Doctrine 1823**
 * Trail of Tears 1831-1838**
 * Texas Revolution 1835-1836**
 * Mexican American War 1846-1848**
 * Seneca Falls Convention 1848**
 * Compromise of 1850**
 * Dred Scott Versus Stanford 1857**
 * Civil War 1861-1865**
 * Emancipation Proclamation 1862**
 * Homestead Act 1862**


 * Monroe Doctrine - Nellie L.**[[image:jthgroup17/monroe_doctrine.jpg width="267" height="258"]]
 * After the fall of Napoleon, European monarchies looked to restore pre French Revolution status quo
 * Spain looked to regain its South American colonies
 * Russia began colonizing Alaska
 * US and British leaders saw a common goal in keeping the European powers out of America
 * British Foreign Secretary George Canning suggested a joint US-British resolution warning European powers against any American colonization
 * John Quincy Adamas persuaded Monroe to issue statement without Great Britain
 * If US acted alone Great Britain would still support the resolution
 * No European powers could afford to risk war with Great Britain
 * Monroe Doctrine
 * Stated that the Americas were not available for colonization by European nations
 * The political system of the Americas was completely different from Europe
 * Plays a role in US/Latin American relations
 * Trail of Tears (1831-1838) ** Mackenzie S.

//Events leading up to it: // > //Importance: //
 * Indian Removal Act passed by United States Congress
 * Establishment of "Indian Territory" in present-day Oklahoma
 * Election of 1828, Jackson was elected as president
 * Court case, Worchester vs. Georgia
 * Cherokee Nation vs. State of Georgia
 * About 4,000 Cherokee died over the thousand-mile march
 * Cherokee nation was forced to relocate tribe
 * The Creek confederacy signed treaty, forcing them to surrender most of the Creek lands
 * The Seminoles resist to relocate, starting a war
 * Showed the extent to which the government would go to get what they want


 * Texas Revolution of 1835-1836 (Michaela)**
 * American settlers moved to Texas in the 1820s at the invitation of the Mexican governement
 * American settlers did not get along with the Mexican authorities because they banned slavery and wanted everyone to practice Roman Catholcism
 * Texans revolted
 * The dictator of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, marched into Texas and crushed the revolt
 * The Texans defeated Santa Anna and declared their independence
 * This was signifigant because Texas became known as an independnet country known as the Republic of Texas.
 * The United States annexed Texas in 1845


 * Mexican American War (Michaela)**
 * This was caused by a dispute over the southern boundary of Texas
 * American forces marched into Mexico and captured Mexico City
 * The Treaty of Guadalupe Holdago ended the war
 * Under this treaty, Mexico was forced to cede more than half a million aquare miles of land to the United States
 * These lands became known as Arizona, New Mexico, and California
 * This was signifigant because it increased the size of the United States

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Causes: Importance:
 * Missouri Compromise
 * Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri
 * He later moved to Illinois and Wisonsin where slavery was not allowed
 * The Northwest Ordinance made Illinois a free state
 * Scott was moved back into a slave territory and tried to buy his freedom but his owner refused
 * He then went to the court to gain his freedom
 * The court ruled that Scott was not a citizen and did not have the right to sue the court
 * They also ruled that the Central government did not hold the power to ban slavery in territories and called the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
 * This cause Lincoln to win the next election
 * It was a cause of the Civil War

//Events: // //Importance: //
 * Seneca Falls (1848) **<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mackenzie S.
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">1840 world anti-slave convention
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Desire for women’s suffrage
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Abolitionist movement
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Second Great awakening
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Elizabeth Cady Stanton composed the Declaration of Sentiments, stated that man could not withhold a woman’s rights


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marked the beginning of the womens equal rights movement
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">First woman’s right convention in history, located in Seneca Falls
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">The conventions discussed the civil, social, and religious rights of women
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Leaders: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Compromise of 1850 - Nellie L.
 * 1849 California applied for statehood as a free state
 * President Zachary Taylor proposed that California and New Mexico be admitted as free states
 * Radical “fire-eater” southerners opposed Taylor’s plan; some even met in Nashville, TN in 1850 to discuss secession
 * Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850
 * California would be admitted as a free state
 * Division of remaining Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico to allow both territories to decide on slavery by popular sovereignty
 * Texas gave up the disputed lands between Texas and New Mexico in exchange for the federal government assuming $10 million dollars in public debt
 * Banned the slave trade in Washington D.C.
 * Adoption of stricter fugitive slave law
 * Taylor opposed the compromise, but he died in office in 1850
 * The Vice President Millard Fillmore, a supporter of the compromise, suceeded him
 * Each piece of the compromise was passed separately by Congress and signed into law
 * Important because it temporarily avoided civil war

Causes: Significance:
 * Civil War (Robert McCullough)**
 * Abraham Lincoln becoming president
 * Compromise of 1850
 * Nullification Crisis
 * 3/5ths compromise
 * Missouri Compromise
 * Slavery was eventually abolished and the union was preserved
 * Led to Lincoln’s assassination

Causes: Significance:
 * Emancipation Proclamation (Robert McCullough**
 * Battle of Gettysburg
 * Civil war
 * Lincoln winning the election
 * The Nullification Crisis
 * Slavery was made illegal in all states that succeeded from the Union
 * Most freed slaves lived under the same conditions after the war as the did before

Causes:

 * ====The US continued to buy western land, all the way to the Pacific====
 * People wanted to spread the idea of Manifest Destiny
 * Not many people settled on the new land
 * People were expected to purchase land from government
 * Government wanted to premote western settlement

Importance:

 * Gave adults 160 acres of land, to start their own farm and improve the land
 * Many people took advantage of this and moved west
 * The amount of land was later increased to farmers in need of more land
 * The Native Americans were not happy with this act because there land was being taken away and reservations were being split up
 * Many accounts of fraud had taken place under the act


 * People**

James Monroe (1817 – 1825) - Nellie L. Andrew Jackson (1829 – 1837) - Nellie L.
 * 5th President of the United States
 * Last President to be considered a Founding Father
 * Presidency is considered the Era of Good Feelings because of the lack of political tension due to the death of the Federalist Party
 * Era of Good Feeling is important for its growth of American nationalism and cultural identity
 * Most noted for the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, which took a strong stand against European colonization in the Americas
 * Panic of 1819 occurred during his presidency
 * 7th President of the United States
 * “Old Hickory” nickname
 * General in the War of 1812
 * Defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814
 * Defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans (1815)
 * Outraged by the “corrupt bargain” of the presidential election of 1824
 * Expanded the spoils system
 * Champion of the common man – universal white man suffrage
 * Killed the national bank and took a firm stand against state nullification of federal laws
 * Policy of Native American Removal – Trail of Tears
 * “Jacksonian Democracy”
 * Whig Party formed in oppostion of Jackson

Abraham Lincoln (Michaela)


 * Sixteenth president of the United States
 * He promoted equal rights for African Americans
 * He issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which was a cause to the Civil War
 * He promoted the thirteenth amendment, which abolished slavery
 * “determined to preserve the nation”
 * Recontrustuction of the south began under his presidency
 * He was assinated in 1865


 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fredrick Douglass ** (Mackenzie s)
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Escaped from slavery
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Main leader of the abolitionist movement and brought the realities of slavery to the public

<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Grimke Sisters (Mackenzie S.)
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Prominent activists for abolition and women’s rights
 * <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;">“First female speakers to speak at a Massachusetts lecture to an audience mixed of both sexes in 1837”

Dorthea Dix(Michaela)
 * American philanthropist
 * social reformer
 * She helped change the prison system by advocating the development of state hospitals to treat the mentally ill, instead of just sending them to prison
 * She created the first mental asylum
 * During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">James K. Polk (Robert McCullough)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Was the eleventh president of the United States
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gained Texas, New Mexico, and part of Oregon
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He introduce the walker tariff which made cuts on the black tariff
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He helped the opening of the Smithsonian institution and the Naval Academy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He also introduced the first U.S. stamps

John Quincy Adams (Robert McCullough)
 * Sixth president of the U.S.[[image:jthgroup17/john-quincy-adams-picture.jpg width="174" height="181"]]
 * Helped negotiate the treaty of Ghent
 * Authored the Monroe doctrine
 * Became a leading opponent against slavery and predicted that if the issue was not solved then there would be a civil war
 * Tried to improve America with internal improvements following the American system proposed by Henry Clay

Andrew Johnson

 * Made Military Governor of Tennesse by Lincoln
 * Became 17th President after Lincoln was assassinated
 * Promoted states rights
 * Advocated the Homestead Act
 * Began reconstruction within the states
 * He was impeached for violating the Tenures of Office Act

========

Ulysses S. Grant
Sources: [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
 * Lead the Union to victory during the Civil War
 * 18th president
 * Reconstructed by pushing Civil Rights Laws
 * Passed the 15th Amendment
 * Gave African Americans represention in Congress
 * Cause of the Panic of 1873